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The Foundations of Modern Political Thought
Volume Two: The Age of Reformation.
© Cambridge University Press 1978.
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jj jJj . (p. 202 ) kaJj-^-oJIj ^y cy 4-b^ixj
aIp ^3 j .^Ua>Jl Aj jfT o jZ*j> 0-L> ^jl <C-wJi I
1 «* *♦
J “r^ <ij“i V-b. J 1520
Jpl (_|iJl Exsurge Domine <j^jUI ( _ s ~~b\Jl O jjUJI Ja>dj
(Decretals) iujjLil ^*--*>1 __JL J*JI LJ)j 4^^-c^Jl <uLo y>~ ^ <ui
.(Fife, 1957, p. 581) «;IS cijl J 4jUt jl ^JUJI oliJUij
♦*
Jl iJu^JI kS JbNl iaJJl s Jl JLUI dJJi *> (_gSi j
sL>o ^JlpVI JljuJ! ^ *l*'^^-*> j ^l oL-U? 4 ^j>-L^o
N jL>^ t^-JllaJl oJJsj J 4 v— <>Ua5»cJI ^3 o ^S n-<sJ 1 2-Uj JJLuIj .3 jj^Vl
^ p,
;>o 0 (JjLuLjk jJl jlj ^A^Ls^j (J CJ j_o
(pp. 172 - <y*j ^ iaAxJI ^ i<JiLo cJlS
^ •• *♦
L^jI jJP ^iJl A*-w**-u jJl AjJL>»j ^3 jlS ^L*Jij| 4 j 6 j-?x-A o' j^-P • I / j l)
ft* ft* ft*
(The Judgment of Martin ^JLaJI oljjUl J JJ JjL. Jj
oL^JI JuLi .1521 ^*Lp ^ Luther on Monastic Vows)
j*S> <Lq-+ 2 l-g j>Jj (, KA-JLw>sjjM Aj \Sl^L>\ A-jL-A ^11
(pp. 295 « L y>t t w^J! OUj^AJ o^U^o» IjJ t JL^iVl ^S' a
«* #*
ivjl» j! jJJIj £-131 JJbJl ^ ^Uju v b3l ^si-lj .- 296)
Jic-Ml (Jll^Jl l j^o jj J lj_* 4 -j_j j»L*Jl iiljj^J <u-5L«-a
.(p. 337) JUJ JjJ op 5J; ^bj cjLil J JiwJl ^*aJJ
4 4^_>r_Jj 1 ^ tl b 1 . A^^jbsjl . ^fp y C^L/^I J-^ I 4^J^I
IfUi iLL. i^jiCJl 4^lkLJl JS ^ Jlk. J5 4U1
c^lijJl aJL^j ^ aJl^^I diii jl tUL^I tAJj jjJ-^Jl ^
^-i «* *«
t yc ■ iJ jJlU 4_J jLaJl a . ’;! .A a ll 4 la I ll Js^U# 4 la 1 ... ll J^aj# ( ^p
28
oJJLL*_a 0l5 iJU J5 .(Waring, 1910, p. 80) «4 ^SJl
jl jw ! ^1 j b ali^-4 ja Jl
v*
(_£l lLLLoJ l^Jl (JjJjJl A->r ^ ll i ys> tj~-^ L 0^*5* 4_pL<kJ>- Jj-5nJ jl
<1 4 ^ f- g**^° 1 >-A3 4 mv*j Lj2j C j 1 1 *,& .1 1 j)^-^ « A»l»>^l3»\<fl A*o A. Ia !.*.*>
w
(Zwei 3y^-j ^Lp 1 1 Jj Jj>o 4 laa‘ . 1 ' oj_A
jl J.J j .jv-SUJl ( _ 5 Jlp 4-lol£Jl <CoL~- Lo-*j^ “Uil ^jUj Reiche)
,_s-l - & yy J |»A5sj j 4 ® jjJ 1 1) (jjj-A * j* J - ®
(Cargill «iU>«Jl <j>l ju l ji ^
j! yt ^Lj-o-p . Thompson, 1969, pp. 169, 177 - 178)
j_& A*a-j jJ 1 ^ jl5 LoJj^p ojJj>- ^ jb Lo
jj j-^JU aJ aS*>Ip ^ ^JJl jJl ^-So-# ® J j-^
^_jp j ^-s^aL>tJl ^-L-P OwLpb^M^j b-i-5” A»*«X«a^Jl
♦*
jl>- J\ J\ : ikJLJl I 4 JI ^1 4^J| 1523 i-I^S
( Temporal Authority : to What extent it should be ^UaJ jl
JJUaJl oli JjU^JI ^jl^I dUJ Ji*jj obeyed)
yj~b cr*. jsc^' ^ f U '
jL 3-^j * (p» 89) ^JaL>cAJ o~l*j ^4*jwLaiJ1^ j_*^L--<>J 1
t >*!_ «.».»<i»i <>W l Af^L^s C ^g 3 WAjb <._.<■ 9 ^Jl ^3 4 ^^w>c^w.-<»,l 1
^ , - M **
A_™Jw5j!L iSjbw-Ji oljL^-a cr s ^° ^ A-SbL^oj
o^-jlp 1 4IJl$Laj .A-jwojJl aIsJLJ! ^JLaj a-JLl!I i^LL^Jlj
'y 1 1-^-^ ^ 4 *^ j> ~jj ajILI^ ^iJl i jj* c L-l^ t Oj3j>i^o
4 ( ^- 9 ^ cr^i
Aj,3j t aJJI J-b jj-^° oj • L5 . v — aj^joJI
p f ^ ^ ^
A»oo j^j^OkAJl ^L^>«Jl j-*»vJl j^f t LjS” A-.^
1 1 Jl^Aj . (p. 91) oUaj>Jl la **j ^-L-Jl L ^-£’ -feLd>sJl
29
LUI oLbJu^ L .1 4 <. — flj vXJU <LJ^s \ CJ Ua„)^j 1 j a-5vJ
* ♦ **V » *♦ V ♦♦ / ** ♦
4 I jJ 4 ^3 AA)l 4_^_LS* ^*> j_P^ jj_^j <j! (^£JL*Jo *}L3 A_&3Lw*>Vl J
%*
#*
• (p* 117) ^j_AjjJl ((lillal j A la 1 **< )) C-^w-J
oUaJ-sw A^s^^J^SsJl j\ L>L-J\ yfi <iJQia jl Juj La dJUi
f* I *t
.4*^*0 j]\ *jLIgl«»-U LL^pl ^JjL^ J L-»j t L<*_^ jyS" ^ *3 1 4j ^LjLs^d
USLaiJl olkUl A^j^L^J 4 A*ajAj A-J>- jJ jdJl y oLa jJLa
A^->- L^-oJ I dJUL AJLaJj>- ^£*iJl A. li^LwyJ 1 t!> >J-J J; L^LJ
Jplj ^^jl • *L~- 4 jJl oUaLvvJl JulJLa ^liJu ^LJiJl j_*p
l^j . <J^JL> ^-LaJwdLi . c^LLa-L-dl lLLLiJ ^^Lv 2 -> ^
p u '
jl ( _^A £-Jo ^Jl <^Jli 4^-Jwaj_<Jl Lf-L> Nj A-wwJ^SsJl
oLLa-LJi £y^>- A«*»*»jL^-a J^>- jJl j^>iJl aj^^jJI c^UaJdJl di-Ld*
<ui <^oj N U j .a^j53I aLJuJI a^jLw* dili Uj 4 A^*_dJl
*•
yjO 4 — fiJtlj 4A^akJL>rJl A-wwJ^SsJl ^0 ^oLyflJ d-Uji ^3 j j_Sd 'y jl
^a^l Ojl^l CU>tJ A-Oj^aJl A-wws^vlSsJl ^V?J jl5 jlj (. yJlP^A ^Jlp
aJIj 4 (sacerdos) LaI 5 ^ (rex) dlLJl jl dJUi N j -^^^1
*• M
0 ) • cJ aJ^ Lw_*^ 3 > dJ I /^^P ^“* ^ L> Lo ^ I ) A ja - L *.**
jU>)fl JU JiLbJlj ^dJl AjLp j A^lj
^-vj j-^Jl L-oUij j'bl jl dU^ 'y
♦*
VjiJl
LjJLp JS\ y\ ikiJU ,l$j wPJI ii^ol 5>l dUi5j
AJaJdJ I jl Lo«j)) ! <Jj_aJl ^3 ^-A 4 la '>mJl ? L-X-S^ *JJa-a ^3 j-J jJ
tl) ^So ol tw-J>6^5 t jLjfc-'yi jl 4&1 l^j ^ * 4^aj]\
jj^ ^ jLPJl ^ ^ .LUI J L^J! l^J
** «• I •♦
A-d^LwaVl LUl ^Lp cj ^jI ^Ij-^*> 4^^L>«^t)LJ jL^pI j+s* 4
. (p. 130) K^jjp ^1 4^j>-l ^yp^ej^i ^1 jl 4 c-jL^aI jJl jj! 4 a^_5LJIj
30
^i\ <L> ^JajJl y>x\] AjL^J £-U>j 4 J-*J^ -U-P 4 dJJS
ijr^J-" (*-^J' j-*- jn-"-*'* 1 - 4 -" <irH J*
j^Jal ULU d)l SJl*-UqJ 1 o ^_^_ aJ1 o*~<3JL>* 1^ ,^-LjU-JI ^-^j>*-J1^
^xJl aJlal^w^JI <Lol <? 11 oQa-L^Jl c^-La->j t aJUIU j aJjIjjlo olia-L^
*•
dJJi j-1p U>-Sj . aj olia-LJl Ji £U ojlt
1 1 JlJ 4 3 jL>cLw**|w ojL^jl-o^I ^ la.>- jj jJ o| ’ (JtS Lo-U-p (Figgis)
oj j-JLwO jij ^ j_Aj j^-«I oJL>t^**u w\j>-I j 4 , jL^ iiL-fc Oj^j (1)1
.(Figgis, 1960, p. 84) «
p p p
jr* £}-»* j - 4 .r^ 1 -! 4 — *j fj^' .hV ^■i fl -..« fl .^Jlj
olkLJl ^iJ J> ^kJl J! J>o- LoJl^ ^JjlJI UaJLJ I
«* •«
^ ^ p 0 £ fi.
^Ji jla* » (jl yp>~ ^ UL*-« *AfTl J-43 . jLow^ 4 4 4^-JUaj
AjU*Jl I J ^ (j-* ® ^-*-*-* l $ L^jLj^j j-*U £y~*j>-
U jAj 4 Lj jp dJUS ci!A>o U J 5 U li-Aj .<u^JNl
jjJbw aJL~a a~* Ju ^J jj^J d)J <JLS ^JJI 4 ^Jl ^j - 0
O^SU ol jJLJj .(Allen, 1957, p. 18) «L$iU^l j\ 4Ja.U«J 1 A^ « <i \sl j
^jA 0 li^yW^ l ^ i ^ A"WW»* LiWMIbl l oliiLJl jl '/\ Uju* p\ Uwi! j jJjJ
^9 0 jJiiji ^—**1 0 j-~-pl (^JJl J 4 Oj^SU (1)1 -iU-pl ^^Ul ^j /3- *. \ \ Lo! . A-Ul
4 L _ r ^L r wJ! <^J>-\ ji\ 9 yj? A3*>\_P a! (jJJlj 4 a) 5 ^JJU-Sl
01 <1)1 *5 Li! (^JJlj 4 (a^jj JlaI ajJL^kj 13
ji j . aJJI c-L^-g L^l a^jUJI ollaJLJl d)l •, c LXxJl c^llal^AJ
bl^jL^l j^S'Vl ^/ajJl ^J^>- b j»pL^*>
p
a 5* ^5-® A-^Lw**Jl oLw>tJl ^j^-^Ij Us ^9 (J^ j Jl
*• ••
AkUl <L*i\^S ^ lf!5 a^>c->tJ ^U-Vl J-U j_aj
jl U_U» : ^jJUl iwJJa^JL; Iju jJj .(Temporal Authority) i-JujJl
31
0 AJ 3 ol 3 I 3 I o>t>- cJjlj 4 ft^CoJl Oj->LjJl 1 L>kJLs^ L^Lol jb y>
IjJij ‘•*<_J J Jr® ‘i_Oj-! U~; J -^' C’J J CJaJ jl
(( 4 JJI LAjXya^oj S/I jJa.L*.*J 3 jj >- j *)l 3 J 4 4_CTL>Ji i
C JJ
• (P- 85)
dUij cpjS/l <kJU Jji iiiL. Jl j^Jl dUi (Jl
p ^ p 5 S p ^ p
O LkJLo ^Jwo-^L<a*j Jl j-wa'b/l o-o^-lj L)l ^1 p -^1 t ^ jli .^j-waL>0>1 ^3
*•
c W^j>tJL (l)lj 4 4 j j-Sj 4JL ^Jsli La Lj 1^ 4j>0Ja I <u!
•* ••
4ol^SUl ^>-Vl p^-vJiJl l«x^J jJl j^*Jl ^J-Lc ^ J
4 aLlp jJ ^ Jkj (jl joaj/li . COajJl 4»]aJu*Jl ! _j > <Ls^L>sJi
^3 C_Lp 4ja_sL>t-<>Jl j pa J I ^jjl 4_jLp J (^JLp <Lo>~!j ^_02-JL> ^l3
* ^
jt-ftjLfljlj 4 oLLpj 4jLoj>-M cl-P 4oJJS ( jS' 4 Lolj 4^JaL^jl
COLS' jJ 4 oLLpj OoU-U- (jlj 4l(4_>-^_o>c ljj ^»^Lo ^3
Hi p
Ao?L>oj 4 Al l a l .o 2>jJsJ>~ jJiiAlj N <1)1 O^uj . (p. 120) ^ jpA 4 jL>-L>-
JjjJs (j.* jl J-lj 0 j-*d ol» SJjU«-4 ol <-1*
j^SlD) lift JL* -Jod jSl idiilJb j] IJJ jILl^I JLp iSJjJI
. (pp. 107 - 108) 4jjU3 (^Uaj ^3 ft J m*m****t+m&^l l
4ft L y>-jL>cJl (»*>LJ! ! (J jJD <JaL^oj 4 ^A 4jto*“lj3
*♦ I •♦
pLs-dVl^ O Jo ol jLo-s^J l <j)Lp 0 J j - ) Oj-J^-dJl (jLoVl
4^JLs^ 4_4j jJs2-J ^J-P O j^Px^aj i .. U *. a )) frL^dl K*L^>-jlj%JI
.(pp. 92, 110) iJjj
J *“M'j *1 j-^Vl oL -LCaj jJ ol j_a ^_al ^Jl d)l j-^-P
0 JJ 0 J LJ15 43La5 iL^jJaJl olio IjSlS* <uL«3
^Jl aj>- j-<JI o^Uaj>«Jl <jlc5 cLfj ^ oJo-S'Lj .oLo^ljJl
«*
daL> r ., ^> t )) lj^x»o dl-Lp-i ^j-^ 3 > ^ -• 4 ois t p^LoJl
J ^^ 0 . Jij .(p. 215) «JUJI JIJI J ^JJI Jp O^JI
32
4 oL*^L>«Jl ^3 ^ JjLoJl c_-ujwUJl 4_^Ufl>«J! 4 — >\sS
^ j}\ l ^ ^w?j (j** < S^ wkl ^ w *'J p'L.Aj'yi
j >U- <1^oj AkLJl _> a-^UJ 1 <dL -j . (p. 200) « jla^ jl
is^u, l^uji ij\jy\ li*ji jjuji jl* a^i
* p,
t A ^J 15 *pLJ i 1 1 A 1 ^ ,1*2 ^ ^ x>, ^ 1 C £■ 1 ^ 1 ^
(p. a_j j_*J jJl oIjlLJI <L)l-Jj Laj t (w-oJJlj 4(jLwwJlj c jl^s^JIj
p.
o} ■ (JjJLlI ^-3 j~& 4-0 c->l d JwA . 120)
c j-j jJ jJh j_3j . (p. 113) ftjiU (_$ j-3 jjUs> j-A> j-w4*yu
p #
4 4^^L<»~<>Jl ^3 4 O^li 0^ IP ‘ b'>'
(pp. 106, «4ja~~Jl o-j ^^JLp ilpj^l Ij3 ^jb j 4«J^lS^Ji ^yS\ ^
(_£jjjJl *U)U 0j 4 4^vjU o j j-v2j 4 Jj>- 1 ^3j .113)
•(P- 83) Jjc>- jjM it
LpU? jl ^ 0J. :^ULi jJ jJ tdUi j-p a
p.
^3 ^»aL>Lp^ <J t>oj O^i^t^xj La^J^P o^-^LsJl ^L$L>cJl L<> ^
^UaiJL o I j {£jJ}sS I
^ j1 4 A^^P*c~a ojO«P ^3 4 4-1^3 ^-aVt ^JbJwwJ A-«jL>“
O UL£ wJL5" <U1 L ‘U-JLXj o C-> li j I 4 4_U I A^JUj (( <L*u3 1 ® 3
V »* ♦ ♦ V •* v ^ 4 V 4
iS^ (^JJl ^LUl j^a tils . (larvae)
4_wJ_*Jl (^ j-iaJ^ ^1 t-5 ^^° k ' °W^J t <lLJ| ^ULo
4*Lw b> ^Jo 01 .oJl 4 <CLpII?| ^-lP c_^j>t^3 4
p,
J^2_>- d-3 j .6 ^w«l <LpL1?| j»JLP Oi-Ii j^-O ^L—l-P
p
^3 a2j 4_5^” oOjb 4_5^”
0i j-J 0 ! 0L5 4*+*\ W j£
Ui ^ ^L/jjl 4 Jj JJ lP’ 4 4pLob LojJUa A*kJ» 0 j£-> ( J^ ^ltlo-a». a OLS'
(p. «Ua>- jjt> La L)( OLwwu^M ^^JLs 4^^ ! 0L^3 4 _-jI^->cJI
33
y> 4y-Ul ^^Ip oJdTlJ y jv-L® 4 UjLs^? y j} OlS" . 125)
s
<UaJLwJl 4 _JUa^o *-^>j>- JLP Jjii .^L^Jl v^L^'
^ • ** i* «*
</* <jkl...'l (dJJLj <Ull <daJL*J j*^jjJ| sf-Lwul £-jj ( j^> AiLla^Jl
Vo i. J jJ U) Ijl ^5jj .(Carlson, 1946, p. 267) 4il l*^.
to-Jl-k: J-^Jl JU^l v 1 ^ 05 * o^i H*-J ^ , '-^i
«*
<_rrr-L? -k>jJ ‘•"I y®-* ^ V^! 1 ’ : os-4 k»
1 jJ jc^p t j»Jb J-SLioj 4 <L~Jj Jkill kllJi yLP-l jj j / 8) (( jJi Jl
fp
4 JL 44 JI £y~jJLj \jy^t I yuiJl y^^Jl y>d-va-<Jl dlPj
.A-w^Lw-wJl ApUaJL l>*Jl ^bJl ^Jl ^1 p b“*- iU ^ > ' IJLd *
fi J-oS'lj J^P ^*5”L**gJl oI^HjNI 4_>tJl 4 U LoJ jL*^o
p " "
y« 0^ jJ>- J^Jl C^UzJLwvJl)) (jl O^LwA^kJl A-o-woJ J)_Jl 3Ji-JL*Jl ^J1»P
»♦ M
4-plbl ^ y~ J ^JIp 3 ^^JLp oJu 5IJ yo ^Jl ^^Ji-Pj . «<dJl ^Ls^ai
>J-P *— > y >- j 0 ^JLp Ijl 51J Jil y£L> <o U l y yISl ^5L>Jl
ya ollaJLJl yyj>- oV diJS . 4 JU 0 <1* jlJLo yS*L>«Jl dlJ.} 4 -* jIa*
ojjIjJ <LojlJLo LaLl*-* l A-^pli? ^ j_>- j <JL>- ^y 4 -LojLi^Jli 1 4 JJI ^Lv2-*
♦*
4_pll?j ^ Ajp c->Lw>-Ij y*«> ^Ls^jlII I 5-a ^ .4_L)I
.AyojJl 4 la 1 mill a-^IJS" yo Ja-s,*»y^>Jl ^^yjiJl JLp^j oLjJaJl
1 «* 1
yo 1 <J jJu j 4 ^y23 (jl viJ-J-P 4 1 y I l^li
ciUi Jl*j ^ya'yi j»li Ii)j . *<JJ| («JL>- ^1 (jl la . n* 1 1 ^j^JL>eJ (jl
dUi ^ dLJlej 4dUiJ LLj^I 4dJLS'jLo! ^JLp ^y^l jL»
OJoS~ dLV <ul Oj£ yo £*Jau>tS (jl dJLJ-*3 4 ^(jdsA^Jl
4 ;^ ^ikL |Jj .(p. 112) «4 ^IlJI iJ5ai ya SUUJI \i>c~A
Acts, Chapter 5, : JJ y tba 5jLi jll Temporal Authority , p. 125 : jJiJl (8)
v. 29.
34
iij-L-wJl ^llb ^Ji* j! j}\ ^Lp JjLJI t>xS\J
0 ^UwJl £r^\ £*s j\ ^ < Sr^ p J ^y )] ^ <-)! b~>-lj d\j c^UJ?
(. p p
^ Coj Lo 3 Jj>- j j»JlP ^^JlP oJuSIj ^^Lp JJi Aj! ^~P . «AlplUl jl t A*-«
. (p. 112) j^5\J ^j-> ^jliL V® jLxiaJl jV t aL*3
iJu Uju^p j 4 (1530s) ^P ^LJl j^i!l ol^J^U Jiljl ^
•*
Ajj ^- bl j-^o'^LJ AjobJl 4^>cJl^w<>J' C->1 ^2L11 p—iaj>Ej jl I ^ AjI
isL^Ji ^ ajIj t( ^b csUj c ^ jUi ;l~^ji
AjjJ jLS' <. (1 520 s) jJLp ^:>LJ1 jj-ill oIL^Ip J *>L?-j .a^^L>JI
pr
b jJlL t a* jLLJ! j>jlp SJlJLp ^^Jlp jlS'LJI ^ a^pjj ^^L>- ^ib
(*4^^ -k*y ot & J> jt^La . Jl ^jLij .o^ill <>«
ciLLo Ail!! awLp A>t_juJl j j>o j t a^^L-^i aJISCoI j -i»jl!I
(i Sincere ^.aJL^JI jjJU^ *ijj ^-wJl Jib jl? j .<wJUa^J!
£r*-?r ^i )} ^ jJ <4^r j 1522 ^Lp ^ Admonition)
«
•L^wwwQt Jl pi. <3-«JI XJ> ,j\s.
o*' j-^'JL; ,) (v-*y lj-L>^
jjJ t IL5LJ j-5lS>Jl i^wjXS! ZjjjjJ* ^ jJl ( _ s Jlp <ul *>ljli i !AjU^o
M» p
o j-~-> t op! ^j_9 4_^s» ^JJ l ^jjlp! aj! j_^p .La1_s^ oj ^_ t 2 jLla j^-^->
Oi-iil* iPjJj « jL^a^Jl Aub jl t aJLp
^ v -^TJi y <J' ***?*~0 »*\J Oj\jAj
•ft
p p
.(pp. 63, 65) i-» L- Sjjii (»LaU aJjUv« ^1 jl jJaj
oJJL <. 1524 f U ^ UUJl ^» ^*>^1 5 Jr ‘ o ^1 Ljllp
I 44 44
o jji A^L*JI A^-Jbu o jJLSLjil jJl j jl jj jJ ^jjU^o
ojL^aj 5jjl]l 3jJl aijo^j i L j»« *** ^ ! l
Mackensen, : Jtu\ 4 jjju <iJL»udl oLiUJI ^ oLp d jp ^>LUt>U (9)
Mackinnon, 1925 - 1930, vol. 3, pp. : t-uU^HJ J^.1 5 ^ Jp .1964
159- 210.
35
y ‘A"* A J_J AjS/I
* 0 t oL! J ia_^>'yi yS\ jj> A^4 oJl5 (Thurnigia)
•*
<U jL>^» ^^J-p Lg~J . (Admonition to Peace)
N <>JLUj \j\jS\ fLSUJl 0^5 aJLJL>.» <1)1 ^%LSl J*j
<j-° -(P- 25) (( Sjj2Jlj L$ J?yd\ j»Li! IjvLp
Lws^-oj^J ^2> ^ j oIjLs^jl.1 o Jj 'JL>- (. 1525 ^Lp
p.
A*^ oij^p ^Jw<>j>- jL^ajL ^ JjAip .LoLoJl ^5 <15^ i ^ ^j>sJl
•*
( Against the Robbing and 3_* -51 j 3_>L^jJl j j_^>-
jJI A-JaJ-Jl dJJu . Murdering Hordes of Peasants)
oi J5 ^5 -Lp)) : Jli J-J u ~jJLi_!! ^1 ^1 OwLJLw-l
t LwLS” l o_^-^*)L<2Jl jJj . LliJ ** 1 ^ ^ ^ b-
^ (.bpLyu ^uji pjjji ijl^, oyu^ oSn ojlis
& **r
4 4 ®<UP^JJ 4JlJ*u* AlJai>-)) «waJJj La 4 8 <wAA<_>J 4 A^P
^ P
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54
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(Laws of <sr »jPJI (V-5PJI JJLi, 4 a_J jJlJIj
U-S' 4 jS j-A ^ Jj>J LJlj .Ecclesiastical Polity) (III, p. 329)
186
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frljj 0 ji sllyj l (Bale) $ *** l l ( ^9
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(Haller, I^i1j>«jI ^ ^^*-*31 ^ JjLoJo o^IJj
l^Jl o-y ^Jl ijJLfJ>l iJjjJl 5j^ OJ15 diL" . 1963, p. 240)
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Lg_Jl aIp jJI VIS Sj^I .(Haller, 1963, p. 245)
M S* «
187
l-JlLS <jbl ol Jli Ux-p 1 1641 j»L p ^ (Milton) j^JLa
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. (p. 616) «ihUJlj ixjJl JjjJl t _ 5 lp o&l£o j
uu>\ oW j
(1) Ockham and the Conciliar ists. For the origins of conciliarism
see Tierney, 1955. For a classic outline of the movement see Figgis,
1960, Chs 1 and 2. McGrade, 1974, gives an excellent account of
Ockham’s political theory, prefaced by a survey of other
interpretations. For a fuller but more idiosyncratic analysis, see
Lagarde, 1963. On the political theories of individual conciliarists,
the most useful introductions are as follows: on Zabarella,
Ullmann, 1948; on d’Ailly, Oakley, 1964; on Gerson, Morrall,
1960; on Nicholas of Cusa, Sigmund, 1963; on Almain, La Brosse,
1965; on Mair, Oakley, 1962; and 1965.
(2) Luther . The fullest biography is by Fife, 1957, carrying the story
down to the Diet of Worms. For the background to Luther’s
protest see Dickens, 1974, an admirable introduction. Boehmer,
1946 (supplemented by Rupp, 1951 and 1953) gives a classic
account of the development of Luther’s theology. But this
interpretation has been challenged by Saarnivaara, 1951. For an
outline of Luther’s theology see Althaus, 1966, and for a briefer
analysis see Watson, 1947. Cranz, 1959, discusses the evolution of
Luther’s views on law and society, while Wolin, 1961, includes a
fine account of the political element in Luther’s thought. For a
more general sketch of Luther’s ‘world of thought’, see Born-
kamm, 1958. Some important articles on special topics: on the
‘godly prince’, Spitz, 1953; on the ‘two kingdoms’, Cargill
Thompson, 1969; on the development of Lutheran theories of
political resistance, Baron, 1937 and Benert, 1973.
(3) The Radical Reformation . The origins of Anabaptism are
188
discussed in Bender, 1953 and in Blanke, 1961. Dickens, 1966b,
provides an excellent outof the movement, while Williams, 1962
contains the fullest general survey. For a social history of the
Anabaptists see Clascn, 1972, and for their views on politics,
particularly political violence, see Stayer, 1972. On their relations
with the ‘evangelical’ reformers see Oyer, 1964 and Edwards, 1975.
189
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( 1 ) Vitoria. The standard biography is by Getino, 1930 . Mesnard,
1936 , includes a useful outline of Vitoria’s political thought. The
key concepts are valuably discussed in Hamilton, 1963 , and there is
a good general survey in Fernandez-Santamaria, 1977 , with a full
309
bibliography. On Vitoria’s theory of international law, see Scott,
1934. On his theory of Empire, see Hanke, 1949 and 1974, and for
a more detailed account see Baumel, 1936.
(2) Suarez . Copleston, 1953, contains an outline of Suarez’s general
philosophy. For surveys of his political thought, see Mesnard,
1936, Book VI, Ch. 3 and Hamilton, 1963. For a fuller account see
Wilenius, 1963. There is also a good deal of relevant material in
Costello, 1974 and in Gierke, 1934, the classic study of natural-law
theories of the State. Two illuminating articles: Romeyer, 1949,
discusses Suarez’s view of the state of nature, and Jarlot, 1949, his
theory of absolutism.
310
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j\SSH\ ^Lp ^^LJI j pi JJljl PjJU p jl5 c (Franklin)
Franklin, 1973, p. 6, Church, 1941, p. 74ff Kelley, 1970, : pil pUil
p. 195.
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t — ifS j t o jtj^\ ^ <Lj jjLaJl cjLIiSsJI ^c-s 4-wvjjj
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. 133, col. I; Church, 1941, p. 187)
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dUi (j\ ^J-^J <3j^ (Jj-^-s—
.(pp. 9-11) <j^L*JI yL$\ Jj-sAaJI
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a]sJc>^J( a^SJlJI 0 0 } JIS Ujj^ dJJi y* ^1 o\*y
^ -(PP- 154, 178) 4 A_jli ^ t «JJLal!
oLJJ jJl «aS%J 1 » ol XolJl <cuiij^
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e^aJl Jj\(l ^UJl (_Jl5Jl -u^L. ol5 <.J>j^ >oj .203)
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(Church, 1941, pp. 141 ^JuJl LJ y jy—-^ y y JblyJl
’ •• *♦
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450
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l La j_liol y-> LJI ^-a j%-$- ^iJl ±Sj_LJl *Nj-A 015
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t « ^SCLJl l^oUai! < — ~s^j*JU LajLipI y^d 4 o L i ^
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. (p. 257) «lg!S aJjJlIIj cjJUilb cyjly5lj ^UiJl
JJl>J ( yNl Aiy^ y tS ^>tlLaj) bj^ 5 ^by J 13
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Villey, 1973, p. 69.
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. (p. 227) ((Lpli^j L«1 >Lvj t^LJl au! a>Ip^jj 4 a!
o JCs- 5iLv»-Ji 5 j jJaj (jlj jyA^M iJljwA t L<>^j .84 (34)
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t (1250s) jJl* LJllSl u^Jl olL^^ J5l J\ J>
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y JlpL* LJUJbj t (communicatio politica) ^^L-~Jl <ul
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J j\ jl AJa^*>La £-a 4 Latham, 1965, p. 357 : ^JaJl 1 y , uJl tiJUu Juo Nl aJjIjj
.(1320s) j^LS" O C->LAjj2Lt- ^ji 0 ^
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. (p. 391) «Ajb5“ ^ jL^jl j} tWl*-v<kj>- Lg-<Jap lj (.^UJl
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jLlpIj dJLlJl .(Dickens, 1974, p. 70) «Lyfcjj>- 4 ^L*jO>JI
. A^PxjjLj aJjLLa ^J| ^3jJ Lg-il.3 ^jA <L> - j.XJl ^li-L) J-^ 45
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U^ yL+j* JiLi (science politique) <<^^1^*31 j*-L*Jl»
P p
3 jjwa-jj <> {Education of the Prince) j-j-*^f! j-LpI
p p .
(pp. fi A-ww*j L-wvJ I ^jJL*J( j-v^LvP^ A^A jl J^P l. 3 Jj>Sa
4 j^iJl ^ ^1^)1 ^2jJl .19, 88, 93, 118)
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(the point de <La*> Jli oLU5 jt -UaU ^1 ^Us^U (2)
.Whitfield, 1969, p. 163 : J&\ k&juU Ijjj\ J «4^U-» U153 depart)
573
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(Political and oLlk>- AjbS j f> V ( j^S\ (1580s)
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(the status L 4 . .*_3 A. <>■«»» A, j J^UJI J^_ ^Jl aJUJIj y>^\ HI
(the J^5 c 4 jx_L>_<J( 4 JL 5 - j\ t^UJl « iS'i I y> j» jl t principis)
ij& J* 0 i AV *bll did aJI ycJC cdl d Ui . (5) status regni)
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Ji-b UbJl v-L*Jl ikLJl [Xyj 4 U*. Jd ^dl>Jl
^^l^cji Ida jj 4 ^ jJL *-0 (J jdJl jldj 4 Jl -3 w\ij / jjs 3
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.( 5 jA £*\ r Jj Post, 1964, pp. 241 - 246 : Jlill Jp (4)
Hexter, 1957, p. 118, Post, 1964, and Tierney, : ^JaJi 1 4 la 5 : ll oJl* J (5)
1966, pp. 13 - 14.
Ju» iju^l j X£ j! ^p Ail cc^i'y JdAj 4(D° w dall) Jbjb (6)
^U| «^j j.>» t UJb- j t (Status) Ad5 aJ cJU^cl^I ‘yyjA iS !
.Dowdall, 1923, p. 101
577
4P y 0->sJ3 ^ip 4 JaiL>ij ijt# <L>-L>o
615 ^Dl yH\ 61 JK* ■ (Dowdall, 1923, p. 102) lUsliJl AjLkL-
-oLJl j^JJ iiLJl OUoS/l J, (Post) c—jh JS\ U5 cUwilj
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(Post, 1964, p. J> «^L>JI ^LJLj iS^SlI
M> M
.334; Hexter, 1957, p. 118)
t >lx56!l kiLsJjl JJwt- “WsLitj j t 6 j-aJI *6Lg_>
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(The Kingdom and the dJLLoJt *-yy j *LSLLw> J l cu->^j
^ *UJl t jJLo US' ys . Education of the King)
* l la : l l i^LoJl ^-9 oi j->- j~oJl pi la 1 «m llj el */a A ll oUa-Lwo
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dUu ^ % fS ^y (status) ki tUUw?-* cUJ? j Ju t oLLA-<Jl
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J,...^i„il jU 615 j .^^JLJLiCJ ^w»Sll
w«5 J jJlU» ^ jj-l ^ J-p j . Patrizi, The Kingdom, p. 11 : fa^\ (7)
Rubinstein, 1971. : J&\ c^JJL&a JJ ^ fia}\ y
578
^jS> 4 OwLJlII Jyj ^ 4 ‘WSL-J ^gj|
ol o jLJjVi (J^\->- y-* 4-LP j-Lp (^jJl jJl J-&J - p-~L*Jl y-Oj
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(lo stato ha Jj J Ja_Ji dJJL Jko ^ ^ jkJl»
p jlS* 3jU! ^iSb/l ul jJz bisogne de’ cittadini)
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(p. 74) (la maesta dello LJa*j» aIIJip! p
stato)
t- p
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J>s- iU>Jl y v^L) j~>\* j*y y J£- iJ LsL$i> d.
oLS' Lo op 4 (uno principe volendo mantenere lo stato) « 4 _oJ j:>
p,
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t*
4 ^cJJ A yAO ^^Lp * AjUaLai £^y>J>t«oy 4 pLflJi
fr £•
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UL* ^y t (ed. Bertelli, 1960 - 1965) L$JI SjLiVLj yLOLJ Llk^i ouJaJI
.yad i y» 4 vL O-L al^OjLw-'y i j ^ L^. . ,t. «...«< *V 1
<u>L- aUi-a Ji^5 ^JaiU iJLj- (Hexter, 1957, pp. 127 - 128) y~OL (9)
jLS' La ji J yL> <— 'US' y lo stato ^L^u^a <jl»-«jl>xL 4jjJuL,i 4^l*ji
.(p. 128) ^l^-PjJL ^LP^/i ^p LoLoJi dal +*> Sjai^ ^ 0^5” ji?L»- ^y (J
The Prince, ed. Bertelli, : ^Jail tSjLdi oJLgJ J^L5L JUjcu-I ^ySt'^S (10)
<.lo stato yp ^^LSLa p_l5L Laaip Ol y=>l yjNl ul5T La LJLpj m( j J>-\ ^J>\ y>j p. 80
. cJld.! ^ j lo >1 ^yk-*lL t «U jJl!L» !Jl& dl La_SL>_j ^uLj
Uufc (Hexter) ya~0L* yLp Ji j .Cassirer, 1946, pp. 133 - 134, 140 -141, 154 - 155
<y Ho stato Lgy aj>-j yill ^yljll a^g_P L*jwt>s LaP yl jJI
4_^L-a J_p Hexter, 1957, pp. 115 - 117, 135 - 137 : I yU5
i ^yLO ^y oLw^ aJ LIS' lo stato ji 4_0>l yiN (Chiappelli) ^LOJ
— ji oLUap- k — 'L lSCJ JLLt (JtrLaa y5Lll y°j .Gilbert, 1965, p. 117 Lad & jkil
579
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The Disourses, ed. Crick, : ^iajl tL^ tXjJu^P toLUaP ^LiS" ^ c«XJjjJ|))
pp. 340, 349, 365, etc.
iJiit a^A Jp .Anderson, 1974, pp. 88 - 91, 93 - 97 : J&\ (11)
*
Chabod, : J&\ <. (Renaissance) «A^a4Ji ^ap ^ <>Lr^ M
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vUI oW y
(1) Calvin. There is a great deal of biographical material in
Doumergue, 1899 - 1927, and a much more concise and up-to-date
biography by Parker, 1975. Niesel, 1956, provides a valuable
survey of Calvin’s theology, and McNeill, 1954 discusses the
evolution of the Calvinist Church. For general introductions to
Calvin’s political thought see Allen, 1957, Chapter 4 and Wolin,
1961, Chapter 6. For an excellent full-scale account see Cheneviere,
1937, and for Calvin’s social and economic ideas see Bieler, 1959.
On the question of Calvin’s political radicalism see Baron, 1939,
McNeill, 1949 and Walzer, 1966.
(2) Bodin. Chauvire, 1914, is still the best biographical account,
though it needs to be supplemented by Mesnard, 1950. For the
context of Bodin’s thought see Church, 1941. On Bodin’s
methodology see Franklin, 1963 and Kelley, 1970. On his Ramist
assumptions see McRae, 1955. Bodin’s Method is discussed by
Reynolds, 1931 and by Brown, 1939, and his transition to a more
absolutist political theory is analysed and explained by Franklin,
1973 and Salmon, 1973, both very valuable accounts. For further
details about the composition of the Six Books , see McRae, 1962.
Some important articles on special topics: on Bodin’s view of
constitutional law, see Burns, 1959; on his view of taxation, see
Wolfe, 1968; on his theory of sovereignty, see Lewis, 1968 and
Giesey, 1973.
587
(3) The Huguenot ‘Monarchomachs’. For the ideological back-
ground to the French religious wars, see Kingdon, 1956 and 1967.
For the political background see Salmon, 1975, and for a fuller
narrative see Romier, 1913-14 and 1922. Figgis, 1960, provides a
classic introduction to the ‘monarchomachs’, and there are
excellent and more up-to-date introductions in Franklin, 1967
and 1969, and in Giesey, 1970. Walzer, 1966, includes a more
general account of radical Huguenot thought. Caprariis, 1959,
gives a full survey of Huguenot political literature up to 1572, but
there is no comparable analysis for the crucial years after the
massacre of St Bartholomew. The only ‘monarchomach’ of this
period who has so far received detailed attention has been
Hotman. Mesnard, 1955 and Kelley, 1970 discuss his legal
theories, Giesey and Salmon, 1972, furnish a comprehensive
analysis of Francogallia, and Kelley, 1973 provides an excellent
outline of his career and thought.
588
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598
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Conviction
j oUj! /^USI
599
Ratification
ij* /j' j*l
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606
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607
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Vassalage
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609
Colloquium
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610
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611
Consiglio Grande
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612
Potestas ordinis
Congregatio fidelium
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